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・ Chestnut-naped forktail
・ Chestnut-naped francolin
・ Chestnut-necklaced partridge
・ Chestnut-quilled rock pigeon
・ Chestnut-rumped babbler
・ Chestnut-rumped heathwren
・ Chestnut-rumped thornbill
・ Chestnut-rumped woodcreeper
・ Chestnut-shouldered antwren
・ Chestnut-shouldered goshawk
・ Chestnut-sided shrike-vireo
・ Chestnut-sided warbler
・ Chestnut-striped opossum
・ Chestnut-tailed antbird
・ Chestnut Ridge Park
Chestnut Ridge people
・ Chestnut Ridge School District
・ Chestnut Ridge Senior High School
・ Chestnut Ridge, Bedford County
・ Chestnut Ridge, Indiana
・ Chestnut Ridge, New Jersey
・ Chestnut Ridge, New York
・ Chestnut Ridge, West Virginia
・ Chestnut Run Farm
・ Chestnut sac-winged bat
・ Chestnut seedeater
・ Chestnut short-tailed bat
・ Chestnut sparrow
・ Chestnut Street
・ Chestnut Street (BMT Fulton Street Line)


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Chestnut Ridge people : ウィキペディア英語版
Chestnut Ridge people

The Chestnut Ridge people (CRP) are a mixed-race (or tri-racial isolate) community residing just northeast of Philippi, Barbour County in north-central West Virginia, USA. They are often called "Mayles" (from the most common surname — Mayle or Male) or "Guineas" (a pejorative term).〔Price, Edward T., ("A Geographical Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in the Eastern United States" ), ''Association of American Geographers Annals'', Vol. 43 (June 1953) pp. 138-55.〕 Some CRP have identified as Melungeon and attended the Melungeon Unions or joined the Melungeon Heritage Association.〔("The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union" ), July 25, 1997, ''Wise Virginia''
by Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett〕 Many CRP identify themselves as Native American, or as an Indian-white mixed group.〔McElwain, Thomas (1981), ''Our Kind of People: Identity, Community, and Religion on Chestnut Ridge, A Study of Native Americans in Appalachia'', (Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion, No. 20).〕
==History==
The local West Virginia historian Hu Maxwell was bemused by the origin of these people when he studied Barbour County history in the late 1890s:

There is a clan of colored people in Barbour County often called "Guineas", under the erroneous presumption that they are Guinea negroes. They vary in color from white to black, often have blue eyes and straight hair, and they are generally industrious. Their number in Barbour is estimated at one thousand. They have been a puzzle to the investigator; for their origin is not generally known. They are among the earliest settlers of Barbour. Prof. W.W. Male of Grafton, West Virginia, belongs to this clan, and after a thorough investigation, says "They originated from an Englishman named Male who came to America at the outbreak of the Revolution. From that one man have sprung about 700 of the same name, not to speak of the half-breeds." Thus it would seem that the family was only half-black at the beginning, and by the inter-mixtures since, many are now almost white.

The local pejorative term "guinea" was still being used more than a century after these words were written. By the 1860s, many individuals of these mixed-race families had married into the white community and their descendants identified as white, serving in West Virginia regiments during the Civil War. Records in the Barbour County Courthouse indicate that several of them petitioned the courts (successfully) to be declared legally white at this time.〔''Petitions of George W. Male and James Male, January Session, 1861; Petitions of Hiram Male, Stephen Newman, Richard Male, Stephen A. Male, Levi Collins, Franklin Male, George W. Collins, Elisha Male, Hezekiah Male and William Male, November Session, 1866''; Barbour County County Circuit Court Records. Cited in: Shaffer, John W. (2003), ''Clash of Loyalties: A Border County in the Civil War'', Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University Press, pp 220-221, n. 81.〕
The people of "The Ridge" have traditionally been subject to severe racial discrimination, amounting to ostracism, by the surrounding majority white community. As recently as the late 1950s, a few Philippi businesses still posted notices proclaiming "White Trade Only" directed at the CRP. Although the local public schools were not segregated at this time, truancy laws — which were strictly enforced for white children — were typically neglected with regard to "Ridge people".

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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